What agreement, reached in 1122, resolved the dispute over churchmen's elections of bishops?

The Concordat of Worms, reached in 1122, was a significant agreement that resolved the Investiture Controversy, a conflict primarily between the papacy and secular rulers regarding the appointment of bishops and other church officials. This dispute arose over the question of whether the Church or the monarch had the authority to appoint bishops. The Concordat established a compromise that allowed the Church to elect bishops and invest them with spiritual authority, while the king retained the right to invest them with secular authority.

This resolution marked a key moment in the ongoing struggle for power between ecclesiastical and secular leaders in medieval Europe, effectively delineating the limits of royal power over the Church and reinforcing the Church’s authority in spiritual matters. The significance of this agreement lies in its long-lasting impact on the relationship between the church and state, setting a precedent for the separation of religious and political authority in future governance.