What conflict was fought between the Romans and Carthaginians over control of the Mediterranean, culminating in Sicily being granted to Rome?

The conflict fought between the Romans and Carthaginians over control of the Mediterranean, culminating in Sicily being granted to Rome, is the First Punic War. This war, which lasted from 264 to 241 BCE, was primarily initiated due to disputes over the control of Sicily, a strategically important island in the Mediterranean.

During the First Punic War, Rome sought to expand its influence and territory beyond the Italian peninsula, while Carthage, a powerful maritime empire, aimed to maintain its control over Sicily and secure its trade routes. The war was characterized by a series of naval battles and land engagements, leading to significant developments in Roman naval capabilities.

Ultimately, Rome's victory resulted in the Treaty of Lutatius, which established terms favorable to Rome, including the cession of Sicily. This conflict marked a significant expansion phase for Rome and was an essential step in its rise as a dominant power in the Mediterranean region.

The significance of the First Punic War lays the foundation for further confrontations between the two powers, including the more famous Second Punic War, but it is the First Punic War that directly led to the granting of Sicily to Rome, making this the correct answer.