What series of conflicts, occurring from 1337 to 1453, was initiated by the rise of centralized monarchy in France and England?

The series of conflicts that took place between 1337 and 1453, initiated by the rise of centralized monarchy in France and England, is known as the Hundred Years' War. This war was primarily fought over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne after the French monarchy began consolidating power. The war saw numerous battles and shifting alliances, primarily between the Plantagenet kings of England and the Valois kings of France.

The significance of the Hundred Years' War lies in how it influenced national identity and the development of stronger centralized governments in both England and France. It marked a transition in warfare and tactics, showcasing the evolution from feudal armies to more organized, state-controlled forces. In contrast, options such as the Crusades, which were religious wars aimed at retaking the Holy Land, or the War of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England over the throne, do not align with the timeline or context of centralized monarchy struggles. Similarly, the Thirty Years' War, which occurred in the 17th century and was primarily a conflict involving various European powers over religious and political issues, also does not pertain to the specific conflicts between England and France during the 14th and 15th centuries.