What was the primary reason for the inability to unify the Greeks during the Archaic period?

The inability to unify the Greeks during the Archaic period can be primarily attributed to the fighting between neighboring poleis, or city-states. Each polis operated like an independent entity, with its own government, laws, and customs. This resulted in a competitive and often hostile relationship among them, as they frequently engaged in wars and conflicts over resources, territory, and influence.

The culture and identity of the Greeks were deeply tied to their respective poleis, fostering a sense of loyalty and rivalry that complicated any attempts at unification. While geographic barriers played a role in separating these city-states and cultural differences existed, the most immediate and impactful issue was the internal conflicts that arose from the competitive nature of the city-states. This cycle of fighting and rivalry prevented the establishment of a united Greek state during the Archaic period, despite a shared language and cultural practices that could have served as a foundation for unity.