Which empire conquered Jerusalem and brought the Hebrew people to Babylon before falling to Cyrus the Great?

The Neo-Babylonian Empire is the correct answer because it was during this empire's rule that Jerusalem was conquered, resulting in the Babylonian Exile of the Hebrew people. This crucial event took place in the early 6th century BCE when King Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and forced many Hebrews into captivity in Babylon.

The significance of Cyrus the Great, who later defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire, underscores the transition that occurred with the fall of Babylon. In 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire conquered Babylon and subsequently allowed the exiled Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple, marking a pivotal moment in Jewish history.

Other empires listed do not fit this specific historical context: the Assyrian Empire did indeed conquer various Hebrew states and territories, but their significant interaction with Jerusalem did not result in the Babylonian Exile. The Phoenician Empire primarily focused on trade and maritime dominance rather than large-scale territorial conquests like that of the Babylonians. The Roman Empire, active much later, had its own interactions with Judea but was not involved in the events surrounding the Babylonian Exile.