Which group held limited authority alongside the two kings in Sparta?

In Spartan society, the Council of Elders, known as the Gerousia, held significant authority alongside the two kings. The Gerousia was composed of men over the age of 60 and included both kings as part of its membership. This council served as a crucial governing body that advised the kings and had the power to propose legislation to the Assembly.

The Gerousia was instrumental in shaping Spartan policy and had jurisdiction over important legal matters, including criminal cases. This structure allowed for a balance of power in governance, where the kings had military leadership, while the Council of Elders could influence political and legislative decisions.

Understanding the role of the Council of Elders highlights the complexities of Spartan governance, which was a unique combination of monarchy and oligarchy, differing from the more democratic structures seen in other Greek city-states.