Which of the following philosophers is often associated with the primacy of physical objects over abstract principles?

The philosopher closely associated with the primacy of physical objects over abstract principles is Aristotle. Unlike his predecessor Plato, who emphasized the existence of a world of ideal forms, Aristotle focused on empirical observation and the study of the natural world. He believed that knowledge is gained through the examination of concrete, physical entities rather than through abstract ideals.

Aristotle's approach is often described as hylomorphic, which posits that all objects are composed of matter and form. This perspective underscores the significance of tangible realities in understanding the world, as opposed to abstract theoretical constructs. His exploration of various disciplines, including biology, ethics, and metaphysics, further illustrates this dedication to the physical and observable aspects of reality, grounding his philosophies in the material world.

In contrast, Plato's theory of forms prioritizes abstract ideals, and Socrates is better known for his dialectical method and ethical inquiries rather than a comprehensive philosophy of nature. Epicurus also has a materialistic outlook but focuses on pleasure and avoidance of pain, rather than making a broad philosophical claim about physical objects taking precedence over abstract principles. Therefore, Aristotle’s views distinctly position the physical realm as foundational in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.