Which of the following states was NOT established as a result of the First Crusade?

The Kingdom of Italy was not established as a result of the First Crusade. The First Crusade, initiated in 1096, aimed to reclaim Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. As a result, several crusader states were established in the Levant, which included the County of Edessa, the County of Tripoli, and the Principality of Antioch.

The counties and principalities mentioned were directly tied to the crusading efforts and represented the geopolitical outcomes of the military campaigns. In contrast, the Kingdom of Italy was a historical region but did not emerge as a state from the First Crusade. Instead, Italy during this period was fragmented into various city-states and territories, many of which were involved in their own political struggles independent of the events of the Crusade.

Thus, the association of the other options with the First Crusade distinctly highlights their creation as a direct consequence of the campaign, while the Kingdom of Italy’s formation was unrelated to the crusading activities of the time.