Who was a pupil of Plato and founded the Lyceum?

The correct answer is Aristotle, who was a pupil of Plato and went on to establish the Lyceum, a significant institution that focused on a wide array of subjects including philosophy, science, and rhetoric. Aristotle's time at the Lyceum was marked by extensive research and teaching, and it became one of the early centers of learning in ancient Greece.

His contributions to various fields, such as logic, biology, and ethics, had a lasting impact on Western thought and laid the groundwork for many areas of modern study. The Lyceum is particularly notable for its open-air training spaces and the peripatetic method of teaching, where students would walk and discuss ideas, reflecting Aristotle’s belief in engaging with the natural world to gain knowledge.

In contrast, the other figures in the choices are significant in their own right but do not fit the criteria specified in the question. Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine, Socrates was a mentor to Plato and is known for the Socratic method of questioning, and Plato was the founder of the Academy, an earlier institution of higher learning. Each of these individuals made profound contributions to philosophy and science, but it was Aristotle who specifically founded the Lyceum after studying under Plato.